BIOGRAPHY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD- pbuh
Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq
Prophet Muhammad (s) was born in 570 CE in Makkah Bakka, Baca, Mecca. His father, Abdullah, died several weeks before his birth in Yathrib (Medinah) where he went to visit his father's maternal relatives. His mother died while on the return journey from Medinah at a place called 'Abwa' when he was six years old. He was raised by his paternal grandfather 'Abd al Muttalib (Shaybah) until the age of eight, and after his grandfather's death by Abu Talib, his paternal uncle. 'Abd al Muttalib's mother, Salma, was a native of Medinah and he was born and raised as a young boy in Medinah before his uncle Muttalib brought him to Makkah to succeed him. Many years before Muhammad's birth, 'Abd al Muttalib had established himself as an influential leader of the Arab tribe 'Quraish' in Makkah and took care of the Holy sanctuary 'Ka'bah'. Makkah
was a city state well connected to the caravan routes to Syria and
Egypt in the north and northwest and Yemen in the south. Muhammad was a descendant of Prophet Ismail through the lineage of his second son Kedar
Ka'bah is the first house of worship built on earth for the worship of Allah, the One True God. It was re-built (raised from the existing foundation) by Prophets Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael). Allah
is the proper name of the One True God, creator and sustainer of the
universe, who does not have a partner or associate, and He did not beget
nor was He begotten. Unlike the word god, the word Allah does not have a
plural or gender
Under the guardianship of Abu Talib, Muhammad (s) began to earn a living as a businessman and a trader. At the age of twelve, he accompanied Abu Talib with a merchant caravan as far as Bostra in Syria. Muhammad was popularly known as al-Ameen for his unimpeachable character by the Makkans and visitors alike. The title Al-Ameen means the Honest, the Reliable and the Trustworthy, and it signified the highest standard of moral and public life
Upon hearing of Muhammad's impressive credentials, Khadijah,
a rich merchant widow, asked Muhammad (s) to take some merchandise for
trade to Syria. Soon after this trip when he was twenty-five, Khadijah proposed marriage to Muhammad through a relative. Muhammad accepted the proposal. At that time, Khadijah was twice widowed and forty years old. Khadijah (ra) and Muhammad (s) were the parents of six children - four daughters and two sons. His first son Qasim died at the age of two. He was nicknamed Abul Qasim, meaning the father of Qasim. His second son Abdullah died in infancy. Abdullah was also called affectionately as 'Tayyab' and 'Tahir' because he was born after Muhammad's prophethood. The four daughters were: Zainab, Ruqayyah, Um Kulthum, and Fatimah - ra
The Holy sanctuary Ka'bah
was now filled with three hundred sixty idols. The original, pristine
message of Prophet Ibrahim was lost, and it was mixed with superstitions
and traditions of pilgrims and visitors from distant places, who were
used to idol worship and myths. In every generation, a small group of
men and women detested the pollution of Ka'bah and kept pure their
practice of the religion taught by Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail. They
used to spend some of their time away from this polluted environment in
retreats to nearby hills
Muhammad
(s) was forty when, during his one of many retreats to Mount Hira for
meditation during the month of Ramadan, he received the first revelation from the Archangel Jibril- Gabriel. On this first appearance, Gabriel (as) said to Muhammad: "Iqraa," meaning Read or Recite. Muhammad replied, "I cannot read,"
as he had not received any formal education and did not know how to
read or write. The Angel Gabriel then embraced him until he reached the
limit of his endurance and after releasing said: "Iqraa."
Muhammad's answer was the same as before. Gabriel repeated the embrace
for the third time, asked him to repeat after him and said
"Recite
in the name of your Lord who created! He created man from that which
clings. Recite; and thy Lord is most Bountiful, He who has taught by the
pen, taught man what he knew not."
These
revelations are the first five verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the
Qur'an. Thus it was in the year 610 CE the revelation began
Muhammad (s) was terrified by the whole experience of the revelation and fled the cave of Mt. Hira [Qur'an 81:19-29]. When he reached his home, tired and frightened, he asked his wife:'cover me, cover me,' in a blanket. After his awe had somewhat abated, his wife Khadijah
asked him about the reason of his great anxiety and fear. She then
assured him by saying: "Allah (The One God) will not let you down
because you are kind to relatives, you speak only the truth, you help
the poor, the orphan and the needy, and you are an honest man. Khadijah then consulted with her cousin Waraqa who was an old, saintly man possessing knowledge of previous revelations and scriptures. Waraqa confirmed to her that the visitor was none other than the Angel Gabriel who had come to Moses. He then added that Muhammad is the expected Prophet. Khadijah
accepted the revelation as truth and was the first person to accept
Islam. She supported her husband in every hardship, most notably during
the three-year 'boycott' of the Prophet's clan by the pagan Quraish. She
died at the age of sixty-five in the month of Ramadan soon after the
lifting of the boycott in 620 CE
Gabriel (as)
visited the Prophet as commanded by Allah revealing Ayat (meaning
signs, loosely referred to as verses) in Arabic over a period of
twenty-three years. The revelations that he received were sometimes a
few verses, a part of a chapter or the whole chapter. Some revelations
came down in response to an inquiry by the nonbelievers. The revealed
verses were recorded on a variety of available materials- leather, palm
leaves, bark, shoulder bones of animals, memorized as soon as they were
revealed, and were recited in daily prayers by Muslims [Qur'an
80:13-16]. Angel Gabriel taught the order and arrangement of verses, and
the Prophet instructed his several scribes to record verses in that
order [Qur'an 75:16-19 and 41:41-42]. Once a year, the Prophet used to
recite all the verses revealed to him up to that time to Gabriel to
authenticate the accuracy of recitation and the order of verses [Qur'an
17:106]. All the revealed verses (over a period of 23 years and ending in 632 CE) were compiled in the book known as Qur'an. The name Qur'an appears in the revealed verses. The Qur'an
does not contain even a word from the Prophet. The Qur'an speaks in the
first person, i.e., Allah's commandments to His creation. Gabriel also
visited the Prophet throughout his mission informing and teaching him of
events and strategy as needed to help in the completion of the
prophetic mission. The Prophet's sayings, actions, and approvals are
recorded separately in collections known as Hadith
The
mission of Prophet Muhammad (s) was to restore the worship of the One
True God, the creator and sustainer of the universe, as taught by
Prophet Ibrahim and all Prophets of God,
and to demonstrate and complete the laws of moral, ethical, legal, and
social conduct and all other matters of significance for the humanity at
large
The first few people who followed this message were: his cousin Ali, his servant Zayd ibn Harithah, his friend Abu Bakr and his wife and daughters. They accepted Islam by testifying that
There is no Deity (worthy of worship) except Allah The One True God and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
Islam
means peace by submission and obedience to the Will and Commandments of
God and those who accept Islam are called Muslims, meaning those who
have accepted the message of peace by submission to God
In
the first three years of his mission forty people (men and women)
accepted Islam. This small group comprised of youth as well as older
people from a wide range of economic and social background. The Prophet
was directed by a recent revelation to start preaching Islam to
everyone. He then began to recite revelations to people in public and
invite them to Islam. The Quraish, leaders of Makkah, took his preaching with hostility. The most hostile and closest to the prophet was his uncle Abu Lahab and his wife. Initially, they and other leaders of Quraish tried to bribe him with money and power including an offer to make him king if he were to abandon his message. When this did not work, they tried to convince his uncle Abu Talib to accept the best young man of Makkah
in place of Muhammad and to allow them to kill Muhammad. His uncle
tried to persuade the Prophet to stop preaching but the Prophet said: "O
uncle, if they were to put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my
left hand to stop me from preaching Islam, I would never stop. I will
keep preaching until Allah makes Islam prevail or I die
The
Quraish began to persecute Muslims by beating, torture and boycott of
their businesses. Those who were weak, poor or slaves were publicly
tortured. The first person to die by this means was a Muslim women by
the name Umm Ammar (the mother of Ammar Ibn Yasir).
The Muslims from well-to-do families were physically restrained in
their homes with the condition that if they recant they will be allowed
freedom of movement. The Prophet was publicly ridiculed and humiliated
including frequent throwing of filth on him in the street and while he
prayed in the Ka'bah. In spite of great hardships and no apparent
support, the message of Islam kept all Muslims firm in their belief. The
Prophet was asked by God to be patient and to preach the message of
Qur'an. He advised Muslims to remain patient because he did not receive
any revelation yet to retaliate against their persecutors
When the persecution became unbearable for most Muslims, the Prophet advised them in the fifth year of his mission (615 CE) to immigrate to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) where Ashabah (Negus,
a Christian) was the ruler. Eighty people, not counting the small
children, emigrated in small groups to avoid detection. No sooner had
they left the Arabian coastline, the leaders of Quraish discovered their
flight. They decided to not leave these Muslims in peace, and
immediately sent two of their envoys to Negus to bring all of them back. However, Negus allowed them to stay under his protection after he investigated Muslim belief and heard the revelations about Jesus and Mary
(peace be upon them both), which appears in Chapter 19, entitled Mary,
of the Qur'an. The emigrants were allowed freedom of worship in
Abyssinia
The Quraish then made life even more difficult for the Prophet by implementing total ban on contact with the Prophet's family- Bani Hashim and Muttalib.The
ban lasted for three years without the desired effect. Just before the
ban was lifted, the Prophet was contacted by the leaders of Quraish to
agree to a compromise under which they should all practice both
religions (i.e., Islam and Idolatry). Upon hearing this, the Prophet
recited a revelation (Chapter 109) he had just received and which ends
with the words: "... For you your religion and for me mine."
The ban was lifted when leaders of Quraish discovered that their secret
document on the terms of ban, which they had stored in Ka'bah, was
eaten by worms and all that was left were the opening words 'In Your
name, O Allah.' The effects of the three-year boycott left the Prophet
with more personal sorrow when he lost his beloved wife Khadijah (ra) and uncle Abu Talib soon after the ban was lifted
After Khadijah's death in 620 CE, the Prophet married a widowed Muslim woman, Sawdah
(ra) who was fifty years old. She and her husband had immigrated to
Abyssinia in the early years of persecution. After her husband died, she
came back to Makkah and sought
Prophet's shelter. The Prophet, recognizing her sacrifices for Islam,
extended his shelter by marrying her. Later in the same year, the
Prophet upon receiving the divine command in a dream, after approval of Sawdah, contracted marriage to A'ishah, the daughter of his dear companion Abu Bakr. She joined the Prophet in Medinah, completing the marriage contract. Sawdah and A'ishah (ra) were the only wives until he was fifty-six years old
After the death of his uncle Abu Talib, the Prophet went to Taif (about 50 miles east, southeast of Makkah)
to seek their protection. They flatly refused and mocked at him, and
severely injured him by inciting their children to throw stones at him.
Gabriel (as) visited the Prophet here suggesting that the angels were
ready to destroy the town if he were to ask Allah for the punishment.
Nevertheless, the Prophet declined and prayed for future generations of Taif to accept Islam.It was on the return journey from Taif that the verses from, Surah Al Jinn Chapter 72, were revealed. It indicated that the Qur'an is a book of guidance to both the Jinns and Humankind
Soon after the terrible disappointment at Ta'if, the prophet experienced the events of al-Israa and al-Miraaj (621 CE). In the Al-Israa, Gabriel (as) took the Prophet from the sacred Mosque near Ka'bah to the furthest (al-Aqsa) mosque in Jerusalem
in a very short time in the latter part of a night. Here, Prophet
Muhammad met with previous Prophets, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and others,
and he led them in prayer. After this, in Al-Miraj, the Prophet was
taken up to heavens to show the signs of God. It
was on this journey that five daily prayers were prescribed. He was
then taken back to Ka'bah, the whole experience lasting a few hours of a
night. Upon hearing this, the people of Makkah
mocked at him. However, when his specific description of Jerusalem,
other things on the way, and the caravan that he saw on this journey
including its expected arrival in Makkah
turned out to be true, the ridicule of the nonbelievers stopped. The
event of Israa and Miraaj is mentioned in the Qur'an - the first verse
of Chapter 17 entitled 'The Children of Israel'
In 622 CE, the leaders of the Quraish decided to kill the Prophet
and they developed a plan in which one man was chosen from each of the
Quraish tribes and they were to attack the Prophet simultaneously.
Gabriel informed the Prophet of the plan and instructed him to leave Makkah
immediately. The Prophet, after making arrangements to return the
properties entrusted to him by several nonbelievers, left with Abu Bakr in the night he was to be assassinated. They went south of Makkah to a mountain cave of Thawr [see Qur'an 9:40], and after staying three nights they traveled north to Yathrib - Medinah about two hundred fifty miles from Makkah.
Upon discovery of his escape, the leaders of Quraish put up a reward of
one hundred camels on him, dead or alive. In spite of all their best
scouts and search parties, Allah protected the Prophet and he arrived safely in Quba, a suburb of Medinah- Qur'an 28:85.This event is known as the 'Hijra' (migration) and the Islamic calendar begins with this event. The people of Aws and Khazraj in Medinah greeted him with great enthusiasm in accordance with their pledge made at Aqaba less than a year ago during the annual pilgrimage. One by one those Muslims (men and women) of Makkah
who were not physically restrained, and who could make a secret exit,
left for Medinah and they left behind their properties and homes
To be continued
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
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