[Sonic Stuff] Rudolph: Can You Pass The Saudi Arabia Quiz?

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Subject: ♥♥(°TaNoLi°)♥♥ Rudolph: Can You Pass The Saudi Arabia Quiz?

Rudolph: Can You Pass The Saudi Arabia Quiz?
Posted on 02/28/2011 by Juan
Jeffrey Rudolph writes in a guest column for Informed Comment
Saudi Arabia, an Islamic absolute monarchy, has enjoyed extremely close
relations with the United States, a constitutional republic. This relationship
highlights the gross hypocrisy of US foreign policy: fundamentalism and
dictatorship in the Arab world is only condemned when it comes garbed in
anti-Americanism. In fact, Saudi Arabia makes Iran—the target of sanctions and
regime change by the US for over 30 years—look relatively progressive.
The US and Saudi governments have had a clear long-term agreement. The Saudis
agree to supply oil in accordance with US needs and to reinvest the resulting
revenue in US assets and arms. In return, the US provides protection to the
Royal family regardless of its internal repression and extremist ideology. While
mutually beneficial, this compact is also the source of one of Saudi Arabia's
great contradictions: The Saudi kings depend for their security on a country
widely reviled in the Arab world as Israel's protector.
Contradictions run deep in Saudi Arabia. Attempts at domestic reform have been
confronted with state-sponsored extremist preachers—in fact, Saudi kings have,
on occasion used their power to protect "progressives" from harsh Saudi judges.
While in the foreign policy realm, uneven state support of confrontational
policies concerning Iran have been coupled with attempts to moderate US
belligerence in Iraq and Palestine.
The following quiz is an attempt to supplement the rather shallow coverage of
Saudi Arabia provided in the mainstream media.
The Saudi Arabia Quiz
1. Which Middle-East country has been the US's oldest ally in the region?
-Saudi Arabia. In 2008, Saudi Arabia celebrated "the seventy-fifth anniversary
of U.S.-Saudi diplomatic relations, which had started with the signing of the
oil contract in 1933." President Bush attended the celebration—flying to the
Kingdom after attending celebrations in Jerusalem to mark Israel's sixty years
of existence since 1948. "Abdullah took some delight in the comparative
longevity of the two anniversaries, cupping his palms open in front of him, as
if weighing the relative poundage of sixty or seventy-five years of friendship
in the scales." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; p. 301.)
-"In May 1933, Ibn Saud granted Standard Oil of California an enormous petroleum
concession for less than $200,000 [a great bargain]… Later, in the early 1940s,
the California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (a consortium that became known in
1944 as the Arabian American Oil Company, or Aramco) convinced President
Roosevelt to help the king by including the kingdom in the lend-lease aid
program." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York:
2009; p. 86.)
-"[O]il is not the whole story [of US interest in Saudi Arabia]: Saudi Arabia is
also important because of its strategic location. Lend-Lease was extended to the
nation in 1943 in exchange for permission to build and utilize an air force base
in Dhahran. The location of this base later made it a useful tool for the
Americans during the cold war. … The official relationship was launched at the
highest level in the most dramatic of circumstances: at President's Franklin
Roosevelt's post-Yalta meeting with Ibn Saud. … [W]ildly different notions of
how the world worked…[did not] get in the way of the main bilateral issue: Saudi
oil supply and American security guarantees for the kingdom." (Stephen P. Cohen;
Beyond America's Grasp: A Century of Failed Diplomacy in the Middle East;
Farrar, Straus and Giroux; New York: 2009; pp. 94-95.)
-The following link has a picture of the February 14, 1945 "landmark meeting
between King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
onboard the U.S. Navy cruiser Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake segment of the
Suez Canal. The…meeting was the first face-to-face contact between top American
and Saudi leaders and served as the foundation for the longstanding relationship
between Washington and Riyadh.": "King Abdulaziz and President Roosevelt Meeting
2. Who stated the following in 1945?: "I'm sorry, gentlemen, but I have to
answer to hundreds of thousands who are anxious for the success of Zionism. I do
not have hundreds of thousands of Arabs among my constituents."
-Harry Truman: President of the United States, 1945-1953.
-The above quote was stated by Truman at a "meeting in Washington with William
Eddy, the U.S. chief of mission in Saudi Arabia, and with other U.S. diplomats
to the major Arab countries. There had been widespread anger in the Arab world
at the favor that America was showing toward the Zionist effort to create a
Jewish state in Palestine, and the diplomats had been assembled to explain the
reasons for Arab opposition. But nothing he heard appeared to change Truman's
mind. … Truman was not quite correct. The U.S. Census of 1940 showed 107,420
individuals classified 'white' who gave their 'mother tongue' as Arabic, and
census analysts reckon the real count of Arab-Americans at three times that. But
the president's political point remained. By the 1940s the Jews were organized
politically in America in a way that the Arabs never were… Today [2009] there
are some 3.5 million Arab-Americans (a good number of them Christians), and
their political clout does not begin to match that of the 6.4 million U.S. Jews.
Following the hard-fought creation of Israel in 1948, every successive crisis
in the Middle East would increase pro-Israeli feeling inside America—and then
came the emergence of so-called Christian Zionism in the 1980s. Popular
evangelists like Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached that the return of the
Jews to the Holy Land had happened in accordance with biblical prophecy—'to
stand against Israel is to stand against God,' proclaimed Falwell in
1981." "America was the 'far Satan,' in Osama's eyes, because it was the patron
and supporter of the Al-Saud, the 'near Satan' that was the ultimate target. …
[F]ew Americans could see that it was through the selection of contradictory
friends [i.e. Islamic extremists in Afghanistan and allying with the House of
Saud while also supporting Israel at the expense of Arabs] that their successive
governments had picked themselves this lethal foe." (Robert Lacey; Inside The
Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi
Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 216-7 and 228.)
-The culmination of one-sided U.S. support for Israel was the Bush Jr.
administration. One of its earliest and most warmly welcomed guests was Ariel
Sharon, the hardline enforcer of Greater Israel.
3. What was Saudi Arabia's military expenditures for 2009 (in US dollars)? What
was Israel's?
-Saudi Arabia's military expenditures: $39 billion. (Source here.)
-Israel's military expenditures: $14 billion. (Source here. )
4. Why, despite spending billions on military equipment, is the Saudi state
unable to defend itself?
-"Even after Saudi oil was fully nationalized in 1980, Washington's
politico-military elite maintained their pledge to defend the existing Saudi
regime and its state whatever the cost. Why…could the Saudi state not defend
itself? The answer was because the Saud clan, living in permanent fear, was
haunted by the spectre of the radical nationalists who had seized power in Egypt
in 1952 and in Iraq six years later. The Sauds kept the size of the national
army and air force to the barest minimum to minimize the risk of a coup d'état.
Many of the armaments they have purchased to please the West lie rusting
peacefully in desert warehouses. For a decade and a half in the late 1970s and
'80s, the Pakistan army, paid for by the Saudi treasury, sent in large
contingents to protect the Saudi royal family in case of internal upheavals.
Then, after the first Gulf War, the American military arrived." (Tariq Ali; The
Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power; Scribner; New York: 2008;
p. 265.)
-"Relatively small in number, in order to minimize the domestic risk of a
republican coup d'état of the kind that brought down monarchies in Egypt, Iraq,
and Libya, it [the Saudi military] is impressively armed with equipment bought
at prohibitive prices in what has proved to be a bonanza for Western cannon
merchants. Thus, for a population four times the size of that of neighboring
Jordan, the Saudi kingdom has barely twice as many personnel in its armed
forces, but it spends thirty-three times what the Hashemite kingdom spends on
its own military budget. … Much of Riyadh's most advanced weaponry is
'pre-positioned' so as to be available for eventual use by the U.S. troops… It
is an open secret that the huge airport at Jeddah is not designed merely for the
transit of pilgrims to Mecca." (Gilbert Achcar; Eastern Cauldron: Islam,
Afghanistan, Palestine, and Iraq in a Marxist Mirror; Monthly Review Press; New
York: 2004; pp. 71-72.)
-"The original function of the [Saudi National] Guard was to enlist the loyalty
of the tribes to protect the royal family against any threat… The Guard was
founded at a time of suspected military coups, so its first bases were sited
close to Riyadh and the major cities. The idea was that the Guard could block
hostile forces coming from the more distant army and air force bases on the
borders. Its anti-aircraft weapons were designed to shoot down Saudi fighter
planes. Its antitank rockets had to be good enough to take on the Saudi Army."
(Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and
the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; p. 184.)
-Note that the respective populations of Israel and Saudi Arabia are 7.6
million (75% are Jewish) and 25.7 million (including 5.6 non-nationals).
Therefore, Saudi Arabia has the population to more than match Israel's military.
5. Which country is the largest provider of crude oil to the US?
-Canada. "The top five sources of US crude oil imports for November [2010] were
Canada (1,975 thousand barrels per day), Mexico (1,229 thousand bpd), Saudi
Arabia (1,119 thousand bpd), Venezuela (884 thousand bpd), and Nigeria (806
thousand bpd)." Source here.
-While the US does not rely on Saudi oil, according to Noam Chomsky "What has
been central to [US] planning [concerning Middle East energy resources] is
control, not access, an important distinction. The United States followed the
same policies long before it relied on a drop of Middle East oil, and would
continue to do so if it relied on solar energy. Such control gives the United
States 'veto power' over its industrial rivals, as explained in the early
postwar period by influential planners, and reiterated recently with regard to
Iraq: a successful conquest of Iraq would give the United States 'critical
leverage' over its industrial rivals, Europe and Asia, as pointed out by
Zbigniew Brzezinski, an important figure in the planning community. Vice
President Dick Cheney made the same point, describing control over petroleum
supplies as 'tools of intimidation and blackmail'—when used by others. He went
on to urge the dictatorships of Central Asia, Washington's models of democracy,
to agree to pipeline construction that ensures that the tools remain in
Washington's hands." (Source here.)
-The issue of "control of oil" is fundamental. It is why the US accepts Saudi
Arabia being China's principal supplier of crude oil and why it accepts
Russia-Saudi joint ventures connected to oil.
-Saudi Arabia has the world's largest oil reserves and is the world's largest
oil exporter. Oil accounts for more than 90% of exports and nearly 75% of
government revenues, facilitating the creation of a welfare state. (Source
here.)
6. Who wrote the following in 1956?: "Arabia is a country that contains the holy
places of the Moslem world, and the Saudi Arabians are considered to be the most
deeply religious of all the Arab groups. Consequently, the King could be built
up, possibly, as a spiritual leader. Once this were accomplished, we might begin
to urge his right to political leadership."
-Dwight D. Eisenhower: U.S. President, 1953 – 1961. (Juan Cole; Engaging The
Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York: 2009; p. 88.)
-Professor Cole, the Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the
University of Michigan, explains that, "Faced in the Middle East with the rise
of secular Arab nationalism and of leftist politics in countries such as Syria,
Washington cast about for a counterweight. … Later that year [1956], after the
potentially destabilizing Suez War, Eisenhower cabled his secretary of state,
John Foster Dulles…, 'I continue to believe…that one of the measures that we
must take is to build up an Arab rival of Nasser, and the natural choice would
seem to be [King Saud]…' In 1957, the U.S. National Security Council set up a
working group to compile a list of Muslim organizations and religious groups
that could be propagandized by the United States Information Agency. … [However]
King Saud…was no match for Abdel Nasser, who knew how to appeal through powerful
oratory to the aspirations of the Arab masses. … [Nevertheless the] Saudi
leadership idea did not go away…and was resurrected by later American
presidents. Washington appeared to think that, just as mainstream Protestants,
such as theologian Reinhold Niebuhr were bulwarks against communism in the
United States, so Wahhabism could underpin a conservative moral order
compatible with the sanctity of private property in the Middle East. After
September 11, Washington suddenly rethought its promotion of Saudi Arabia and
Wahhabism as buttresses of a conservative, capitalist order in the Middle
East." "Saudi Arabia has more often been timid than militant in world affairs.
Although Saudi intelligence coordinated with the Arab volunteers who went to
fight the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s, it did so in deference to the
Reagan administration's policy of marshalling private militias against leftist
governments." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New
York: 2009; pp. 84 and 88-90.)
-"[T]he West is reaping what it helped sow. For more than three decades its
fight against progressive nationalism (as typified by Nasser's model backed by
the USSR) went hand in glove with the Islamic propaganda emanating from the
Saudi monarchy, a sworn enemy of the Egyptian regime. With a view to supporting
the Muslim Brotherhood against Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Riyadh,
with the aid of the CIA, financed and provided a haven for a sizable section of
the hazy international groupings of Islamic fundamentalism. … After so many
years of anti-communist and anti-nationalist struggle conducted under the banner
of Islam rather than liberal democracy, bankrupt nationalism and an impotent
Left have left the door wide open to Islamic fundamentalism. … [In the 1980s,]
Saudi rulers and their U.S. advisers imagined that the contagion could be
contained by playing up the specifically Shiite nature of Iran, and by playing
off 'Sunni moderates' against 'Shiite extremists.' Riyadh continued to play
godfather to Sunni fundamentalist movements…" (Gilbert Achcar; Eastern Cauldron:
Islam, Afghanistan, Palestine, and Iraq in a Marxist Mirror; Monthly Review
Press; New York: 2004; p. 73.)
-An important concern for the Eisenhower administration was Nasser's drive for
true independence. However, in 1967, this "major problem in the Middle East was
resolved with Israel's destruction of the Nasser regime, hated by the United
States and Britain, which feared that secular nationalist forces might seek to
direct the vast energy resources of the region to internal development. A few
years earlier, U.S. intelligence had warned of popular feelings that oil is a
"national patrimony" exploited by the West by unjust arrangements imposed by
force. Israel's service to the United States, its Saudi ally, and the energy
corporations confirmed the judgment of U.S. intelligence in 1958 that a 'logical
corollary' of opposition to Arab nationalism is reliance on Israel as 'the only
strong pro-Western power in the Middle East,' apart from Turkey, which
established a close military alliance with Israel in 1958, within the U.S.
strategic framework. (Source here.)
-The unfortunate truth is that the US has benefitted from not promoting
democratic values in the Arab world as true democratic change leads to
governments that primarily answer to their domestic populations, not their
foreign patron. Turkey demonstrates that when a Middle East country becomes more
democratic, it finds it more difficult to cooperate with Israel and the US on
policies that dispossess Palestinians or harm Muslims.
7. True or False: In the early 1960s, a group of Saudi princes flew to Cairo and
called for constitutional democracy for Saudi Arabia.
-True. As the Al-Saud splintered in the late 1950s under the challenge of Arab
nationalism and the charismatic Nasser, a group of radical young princes
campaigned for constitutional democracy. "Prince Talal was one of a group of
reformers and leader within the royal family known as the Free Princes.
In 1958 he wrote a proposedconstitution for Saudi Arabia which would have
created a constitutional monarchyand expanded civil rights. He began to assemble
an elected advisory committee, but his ideas were rejected by the king, and
religious leaders in Saudi Arabia issued a fatwadeclaring his constitution to be
contrary to Islamic law. In 1961 the kingdom revoked his passport and attempted
to silence him, but he expatriated to Egypt and declared himself a socialist.
There, influenced by Gamal Abdel Nasser, Talal continued to push for reform and
criticize the leadership of the Kingdom. In 1964 Talal agreed to temper his
criticisms in exchange for permission to reenter Saudi Arabia. He is now a
successful businessman… Prince Talal resumed his push for reform in Saudi Arabia
in September 2007, when he announced his desire to form a political party
(illegal in Saudi Arabia) to advance his goal of liberalizing the
country." Source here.
8. What event led to Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil-producing countries
imposing an oil embargo on the US and Europe in the early 1970s?
-In 1973, "[K]ing Faisal of Saudi Arabia announced a boycott on his kingdom's
oil sales to the United States. Enraged by President Richard Nixon's military
support for Israel in the October War against Egypt and Syria, the Saudi king
had hoped to compel some dramatic change in U.S. policy. Yet as the Arab oil
boycott caused the price of oil on the world market to multiply nearly five
times, it was back home, inside the Kingdom, that the truly dramatic changes
would occur. … After centuries of hibernation and a few recent decades of only
gradual change, Saudi Arabia was suddenly turned on its head. Foreign money
brought foreign ways—the good, the bad, and, in the eyes of many Saudis, the
very definitely ugly. Women started appearing on TV… [The] pure world [of the
pious] was under threat." "[A]ll over the Arab world in the 1970s…Muslims
worked out their different responses to the material and spiritual inroads of
the West. Those who opted for back-to-basics called themselves Salafi…" (Robert
Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the
Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 3-4 and 9.)
-"Led by Saudi Arabia, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) imposed a general rise in oil prices and an oil embargo on major oil
consumers who were either supporters of Israel or allies of its supporters. The
embargo was theoretically aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from the occupied
territories and recognize the rights of the Palestinian people. In
reality…[Saudi Arabia] negotiate[d] exceptions with practically every
nation…affected…but not before…giving them a taste of the power the Arabs could
wield if they chose." (Nicholas Buchele; Culture Smart Saudi Arabia; Random
House; Canada: 2008; pp. 38-39.)
9. What three events in 1979 greatly affected Saudi Arabia's domestic and
foreign policies?
(i) The invasion and occupation of the Grand Mosque in Mecca on November 20,
1979 by five hundred Wahhabi fanatic salafis. The siege ended on December 4. All
the surviving men were beheaded. The government lost 127 soldiers dead and 461
injured; 117 Salafi rebels were also killed. "Since the early 1960s the House of
Saud had been on the lookout for trouble—investigating and arresting Communists,
socialists, and 'godless' radicals of all sorts. Serious opposition, everyone
anticipated, would be coming from the left. But the attacks of 1979 had come
from the very opposite direction—from those on the right… 'Godless' was the
reproach that was now being thrown at the king and princes… [The rebels] had
been nurtured in the traditional territory of Wahhabi mosques…" (Robert Lacey;
Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for
Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 34-35 and 46.)
(ii) The Iranian Revolution. "The ayatollahs' revolution in Iran had been a
dazzling assertion of Shia power and identity" that challenged the Saud family's
legitimacy. The Saudi royals did not want to suffer the fate of the Shah. The
lesson they took away was: the solution to religious upheaval was more religion.
"An apparently impregnable, Westernizing autocrat [in Iran], smiled on by
America, with a huge army, an efficient secret police, and burgeoning oil
revenues, had been brought down without a serious shot being fired—all the
Shah's modernization had proved helpless against the supposedly outmoded power
of religion. … The Shah had got on the wrong side of the mosque, reckoned [King]
Fahd—and that was the side on which the former playboy already feared himself to
be." More strictures on women, secular education, etc., thus followed.
In December, Shia riots, inspired by the triumphant return to Iran of Ayatollah
Khomeini, broke out in al-Qatif in the Eastern Province. Twenty thousand
National Guard troops were immediately moved into the Eastern Province. In 1987,
rioting by Shia pilgrims in Mecca led to four hundred deaths and was the straw
that broke the kingdom's diplomatic relations with Iran.
The Saudi rulers were naturally threatened by Khomeini's doctrine of rule by the
clerics (i.e. rule by Kings was unIslamic). Saudi rulers (along with most
Muslims) disagree with Khomeini's radical doctrine that the ulema (religious
scholars) are qualified not simply to advise the ruler, but to exercise
government in their own right. The executive power held by Iran's clerics sets
Iran apart from the Muslim world. Saudi leaders argue that from the first
caliphs, the secular rulers have always been the executive rulers, while the job
of the sheikhs and the mufti has been to give them advice.
"The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88 was a…bloody business. … When Iran launched a
successful counterassault in…[1983] against Saddam Hussein's unprovoked invasion
of September 1980, the Saudis financed the Iraqi leader as a Sunni Arab
'brother.' Saddam was the best available barrier to the scary prospect of the
ayatollahs taking power in Baghdad, while the United States backed the Iraqi
tyrant as part of Washington's enduring attempt to gain some redress for the
humiliation of the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-81." (Robert Lacey; Inside The
Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi
Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 47 and 109-110.)
(iii) The Russian invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. "The plight of the
invaded Afghans woke an immediate and powerful response in a [Saudi] society
where outrage was habitually rationed. Here was an injustice where protest could
be permitted—encouraged even—by the Saudi government… Better that anger should
be directed into jihad abroad than into Iran-style revolution at home. …
Hundreds of [Saudi printing] machines stood ready to churn out tens of millions
of Korans in multiple languages with [Saudi-approved] commentaries… It was part
of the Kingdom's worldwide missionary effort to combat the Shia teachings of
Khomeini's Iran… Korans…would be distributed free to the madrasas…inside
Afghanistan and along the Pakistan border."
The resulting possible threat to the Persian Gulf, led to President Carter, in
his Stat
e of the Union address, declaring: "Let our position be absolutely clear. An
attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be
regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America,
and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military
force. Early in February 1980 Carter agreed to a covert program that would put
his doctrine into practice—a secret agreement that Saudi Arabia and the United
States would match each other, dollar for dollar, to fund an undercover
guerrilla campaign in Afghanistan that would hand the Soviets 'their own
Vietnam.'" (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 65 and
67.)
-The Al-Saud's response to the above three events was to appease the Wahhabi
hardliners by tightening religious restrictions on ordinary Saudis and handing
more powers to the ulema.
Saudi Arabia's political structure is based on: veneration of the ruler; shura
(consultancy) as personified in the 150-member appointed Shura council; and, a
religious authority in the form of the ulema led by the Grand Mufti. Because
there is no separation of religion and state, the political role of the ulema is
second in importance only to the ruling family.
The attacks on 9/11 "finally settled who ruled whom in Saudi Arabia. After
Juhayman [the leader of the Grand Mosque assault in 1979], the 1980s had seen
the clerics dictating the agenda in an almost Iranian fashion, with the Al-Saud
anxious to appease them… [However,] September 11 had shown what happened when
religion got out of hand." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics,
Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto:
2009; pp. 235-6.)
10. Why did Osama Bin Laden, who had been in sync with Saudi state policy in the
1980s, turn against the Saudi government?
-"When the news had come through of Saddam's invasion [of Kuwait] in August
1990, Osama Bin Laden knew exactly how he could help. He got in touch with the
comrades who had fought with him in Afghanistan… He and his mujahideen
companions had defeated the Soviets… Now they would chase…Iraqis…back to
Baghdad. … When the House of Saud turned down Osama's mujahideen in favor of the
godless Americans…They offended his religious beliefs—and those of many other
pious Saudis."
It should not be forgotten that in the mid-1980s, Bin Laden was a hero in Saudi
Arabia as he was using his wealth to help a noble cause—kicking the Russians out
of Afghanistan—which was supported by the Saudi and American governments. To
many Arabs "It was a new and very pleasant sensation…to feel they had played
their part in a military victory. 'Progressive' Arab leaders like Nasser and
Sadat had flung well-armed Arab armies against Israel, and had delivered
humiliation. They had not included religion in their strategy. But now victory
was going to those who grounded themselves in Islam. Small and simple groups of
holy warriors were humbling one of the world's two superpowers." "In 1988 the
Russians started withdrawing, and on February 15, 1989, the Soviet Union
announced that the last of its soldiers had left the country. It was an
extraordinary defeat… But the victors interpreted its roots and reasons in
different ways. Within months the West was celebrating the scarcely believable
collapse of the entire Soviet monolith. [While the West celebrated capitalism
and deterrence]…Saudis remembered their prayers…"
In general, Saudi fundamentalists had complained for a long time that "The
Al-Saud…had exploited religion as…a means to guarantee their worldly interests,
putting an end to jihad, paying allegiance to the Christians (America), and
bringing evil and corruption upon the Muslims…in a word, betrayal. … [It was]
the essence of the message that Osama Bin Laden would deliver via his attacks on
America on 9/11. The House of Saud were hypocrites…" (Robert Lacey; Inside The
Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi
Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 18, 119,123, 148 and 150.)
-"[To remove Iraq from Kuwait in 1991], a large United Nations-sanctioned force
assembled and pushed the Iraqi military back out of Kuwait. For the first time,
the U.S. military, and the militaries of Western Europe, had hundreds of
thousands of troops on Saudi soil. After the Gulf War, [King] Fahd gave the
United States use of…[an] air base. Among those outraged by then was Bin Laden,
who declared war on the Saudi dynasty years before he declared war on the United
States." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York:
2009; p.101.)
-"Since the mid-1990s the U.S. Air Force had built up the Prince Sultan Air Base
at Al-Kharj, south of Riyadh, to become the linchpin of its Middle East air
command. … [Saudi Arabia permitted] The United States…[to use] Al-Kharj and some
other bases for the [2003 Iraq invasion]…on a basis of strict military
secrecy—after which the Americans must…be gone. … [O]nce the invasion was
completed, American transporters flew in to start dismantling and shuttling
U.S. Air Force assets eastward…to…Qatar. By the end of September 2003 there was
not a single U.S. soldier, tank, or plane left on the soil of Saudi Arabia,
apart from a few long-term military trainers. Abdullah had finally distanced the
Kingdom from Bush's America as he had long wished—and, in the process, one of
the principal demands that Osama Bin Laden had made in attacking the twin
towers…had also been met." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics,
Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto:
2009; p. 291.)
11. Jihadi manuals, used by the mujahideen in Afghanistan and elsewhere, were
produced in the early 1980s by which country?
-The United States of America. "In the twilight of the Cold War, the United
States spent millions of dollars to supply Afghan schoolchildren with textbooks
filled with violent images and militant Islamic teachings, part of covert
attempts to spur resistance to the Soviet occupation. The primers, which were
filled with talk of jihad and featured drawings of guns, bullets, soldiers and
mines, have served since then as the Afghan school system's core curriculum.
Even the Taliban used the American-produced books… [The U.S. is] now…wrestling
with the unintended consequences of its successful strategy of stirring Islamic
fervor to fight communism. What seemed like a good idea in the context of the
Cold War is being criticized by humanitarian workers as a crude tool that
steeped a generation in violence. … Published in the dominant Afghan languages
of Dari and Pashtu, the textbooks were developed in the early 1980s…[at] the
University of Nebraska-Omaha…Today, the books remain widely available in
schools and shops, to the chagrin of international aid workers. 'The pictures
[in] the texts are horrendous to school students…' One page from the texts of
that period shows a resistance fighter with a bandolier and a Kalashnikov slung
from his shoulder. The soldier's head is missing. Above the soldier is a verse
from the Koran. Below is a Pashtu tribute to the mujaheddin, who are described
as obedient to Allah. Such men will sacrifice their wealth and life itself to
impose Islamic law on the government, the text says." (Source here.)
-"To the extent that Saudi Arabia is indirectly implicated in the rise of
al-Qaeda in the 1980s, its partner in crime was surely the Reagan
administration, the U.S. Congress, and the American religious right—who by
encouraging brigades of Muslim volunteers to go to Afghanistan, created the
preconditions for al-Qaeda's rise." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World;
Palgrave Macmillan; New York: 2009; pp. 101-102.)
-With respect to Saudi Arabia establishing madrasas in Afghanistan in the 1980s,
"We have to remember…that the original purpose of these schools was strategic.
The fighting with the Soviets had tragic consequences—it was creating a lot of
orphans. … The plan was to…put them [the orphans] through school—then ship them
to the front. The Saudis get the blame…but…many of…[the madrasas] were part of a
joint U.S.-Saudi project to take these poor kids and make them warriors for the
West." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; p.194.)
12. Which three countries were the first to officially recognize the Taliban
government in Afghanistan?
-"By the end of September 1996 the Taliban had conquered Kabul and had extended
their rule to twenty-two of the country's thirty-one provinces. They announced
that their godly government would be known as the Islamic Emirate of
Afghanistan, and while most of the world prudently stepped back and waited,
three countries granted this unusual entity official recognition: Pakistan, the
United Arab Emirates—and Saudi Arabia." The Taliban began issuing prohibitions:
"no kite flying, no pool tables,
no music, no nail polish, no toothpaste, no televisions, no beard shaving…
[T]he Taliban also…closed all girls' schools and colleges, and banned women from
working… These draconian regulations were enforced by religious police
squads…that were built directly on the Saudi model of fundamentalist vigilantes
and drew support from Saudi religious charities." "At the end of July [1998] the
Taliban…[finally captured] Mazar-e Sharif. This historic center of Shia
worship…had resisted Taliban attacks…and was now punished with a series of
ghastly reprisals. Ahmed Rashid later estimated that six thousand to eight
thousand Shia…were slaughtered in a rampage of murder and rape that included
slitting people's throats and bleeding them to death, halal-style, and packing
hundreds of victims into shipping containers without water, to be baked alive in
the desert sun." "Not for the first or last time, Saudi favor to Islamic purists
had helped give birth to a monster…" (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings,
Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking;
Toronto: 2009; pp. 199-201 and 209-10.)
-"When [in 1996] the Taliban religious movement decided to stone to death a
couple caught in adultery, it chose a blazing afternoon in late August. … The
condemned woman, Nurbibi, 40, was lowered into a pit dug into the earth beside
the wall until only her chest and head were above ground. … [After the judge
threw the first stone,] Taliban fighters who had been summoned for the occasion
stepped forward and launched a cascade of stones…" (Source here.)
13. When the Taliban took power, who said he saw "nothing objectionable" in
their plans to impose strict Islamic law?
-Glyn Davies: State Department spokesperson.
-"The U.S. government was well aware of the Taliban's reactionary program, yet
it chose to back their rise to power in the mid-1990s. The creation of the
Taliban was 'actively encouraged by the ISI and the CIA,' according to Selig
Harrison, an expert on U.S. relations with Asia. 'The United States encouraged
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan to support the Taliban, certainly right up to their
advance on Kabul,' adds respected journalist Ahmed Rashid. When the Taliban
took power, State Department spokesperson Glyn Davies said that he saw 'nothing
objectionable' in the Taliban's plans to impose strict Islamic law, and Senator
Hank Brown, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Near East
and South Asia, welcomed the new regime: 'The good part of what has happened is
that one of the factions at last seems capable of developing a new government in
Afghanistan.' 'The Taliban will probably develop like the Saudis. There will be
Aramco [the consortium of oil companies that controlled Saudi oil], pipelines,
an emir, no parliament and lots of Sharia law. We can live with that,' said
another U.S. diplomat in 1997. The reference to oil and pipelines explains
everything. … Afghanistan itself has no known oil or gas reserves, but it is an
attractive route for pipelines leading to Pakistan, India, and the Arabian
Sea. In the mid-1990s, a consortium led by the California-based Unocal
Corporation proposed a $4.5 billion oil and gas pipeline from Turkmenistan
through Afghanistan to Pakistan. But this would require a stable central
government in Afghanistan itself. Thus began several years in which U.S. policy
in the region centered on 'romancing the Taliban.'" (Source here.)
14. From the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 to 2007, what percentage of known
suicide-bombers in Iraq were of Saudi origin? Iranian origin?
-Saudi origin: 43%; Iranian origin: 0%. (Source here.)
15. How many Wahhabi suicide bombers had there been before 1980?
-None. "There were no Wahhabi suicide bombers until after the Reagan
administration launched its struggle, with the help of the mujahideen, against
the Soviets in Afghanistan, and there is no warrant in Wahhabism for suicide, or
it would not have taken 150 years for it to occur to a Wahhabi fighter to
sacrifice himself in that way. It is wrong to tar all the members of a religious
tradition with the brush of terrorism based on the actions of a small number of
persons among them." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan;
New York: 2009; p. 111.)
16. True or False: Saudi Arabia was instrumental in putting forward a
comprehensive peace plan with Israel—that was formally adopted by the entire
Arab League—that offered Israel full recognition and normal relations.
-True. "During a February 2002 interview the crown prince [Abdullah]
startled…columnist Thomas Friedman by…[producing] a fully worked-out peace
proposal that offered Arab recognition of Israel and normalization of relations
in exchange for an Israeli return to its pre-1967 borders. A few weeks later
Abdullah went to Beirut to push his peace plan through the twenty-two-member
Arab League summit—the most developed and comprehensive Arab olive branch ever.
… [P]rivate polling inside Israel [done by a company not told it was for Saudi
Arabia]…found that 70 percent of Israelis thought that the Abdullah peace plan
was a fair deal." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; p. 285.)
-In March 2002, the Arab League summit in Beirut unanimously put forth a peace
initiative that commits it not just to recognize Israel but also to establish
normal relations once Israel implements the international consensus for a
comprehensive peace—which includes Israel withdrawing from the occupied
territories and a just settlement of the Palestinian refugee crisis. (This peace
initiative has been subsequently reaffirmed including at the March 2009 Arab
League summit at Doha.) All 57 members of the Organization of the Islamic
Conference, including Iran, "adopted the Arab peace initiative to resolve the
issue of Palestine and the Middle East…and decided to use all possible means in
order to explain and clarify the full implications of this initiative and win
international support for its implementation." (Norman G. Finkelstein; This Time
We Went Too Far: Truth and Consequences of the Gaza Invasion; OR Books; New
York: 2010; p. 42.)
-"[T]he proposal…was never taken seriously by the expansionist government of
Ariel Sharon, nor by the stridently pro-Israeli politicians in Washington."
(Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York: 2009; p.
103.)
-Saudi Arabia is concerned that its US ally is largely hated in the Arab world
due to its invasion and occupation of Iraq, blatantly pro-Israel stance and
other policies. Accordingly, King Abdullah has attempted to resurrect his
Arab-Israeli peace plan, reconcile Hamas and the PLO, and pursue other policies
to diminish Iran's influence in the region. (The Saudi rulers had warned against
the 2003 US invasion of Iraq as they were concerned that the venture could lead
to increasing Iran's power in the region.)"Instead of attempting to enlist Saudi
Arabia in vendettas, as the Bush administration did, pitting Saudis and their
Sunni allies in Lebanon against the Iran-backed Shiite Hizbullah (which ended
badly in May 2008 when Hizbullah militiamen demonstrated that they could take
over all of Beirut if they so chose), or attempting to set Saudi Arabia and
other Gulf oil monarchies against Iran, the United States should see the Saudis
as the ultimate potential peace brokers in the region." (Juan Cole; Engaging The
Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York: 2009; p. 112.)
17. What was the unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia in 2010?
-According to the CIA World Factbook, the estimated rate is 10.8%. The rate is
for Saudi males only. Some unemployment estimates range as high as 25%. (Source
here.)
-Saudi Arabia has an unemployment problem for several reasons. "In reality,
income generated from exporting…high priced primary commodities [such as oil]
enhances the value of the local currency, which in turn makes other potential
exports…more expensive…[thus] destroying jobs. … Other roots of unemployment
include the kingdom&
#39;s extremely high population growth rate…and [the practice] whereby
individual Saudis bring foreign workers into the country, taking jobs away from
citizens. … There is plenty of poverty in Saudi Arabia. … King Abdullah has
responded to this challenge by embarking on projects such as the building of an
entirely new city of 2 million, aiming to provide a million jobs to Saudis, and
by developing industries such as aluminum, steel, fertilizer, and petrochemicals
so as to diversify the economy." (Juan Cole; Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave
Macmillan; New York: 2009; pp. 93-95.)
-"The unrestricted entry of cheap foreign workers had flooded the Saudi labor
market with millions of third-world workers who were willing to live in
primitive camps and to work for…$190 per month. This was a third of the amount
on which a Saudi could survive, and the logical solution—that young Saudis
should be trained to work as managers—was handicapped by the rising generation's
embarrassing deficiencies in education, particularly when it came to practical
knowledge and independent reasoning skills. The teaching of math, science, and
English…had been drastically reduced in the early 1980s to make room for the
extra religious classes that featured learning by rote… Small wonder that the
vision of jihad in foreign lands offered purpose and excitement that attracted
many a frustrated young [man]…" "Public beheadings today are disciplinary
displays intended to make a point to the ever-swelling community of migrant
workers—some ten million, legal and illegal, in a population of twenty-eight
million—and the grim deterrent seems effective. By day or by night, you can walk
the streets of any Saudi town without fear of muggers. People leave their cars
unlocked. Gun crime against or between locals is virtually nonexistent…" (Robert
Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the
Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 192 and 317.)
-"Domestically, Saudi Arabia faces the challenges of unemployment, an exploding
population, a growing gap between rich and poor, rapid urbanization and an
information revolution that has bypassed the rulers. Although Saudi Arabia
shares many of the conditions that have bred the [2011] democracy
uprisings—including autocracy, corruption and a large population of educated
young people without access to suitable jobs—its people are cushioned by oil
wealth and culturally resistant to change." In other words, unlike other Arab
countries, the ruling families in the Persian Gulf region can use
cradle-to-grave benefits to co-opt opponents and preempt change. (Source here.)
-For a sense of the degree of corruption that has prevailed in Saudi Arabia,
consider that "an investigation by the [UK's] SFO [Serious Fraud Office] into
alleged payments of as much as £1bn made by [arms manufacturer] BAE to Prince
Bandar bin Sultan…was dropped in 2006 after the intervention of the then Prime
Minister, Tony Blair. The Government claimed that investigating the £43bn
Yamamah deal would threaten the UK's national security." (Source here.)
-"[S]audi Arabia ranks about seventeenth in the list of the world's twenty most
powerful economies, just behind Turkey and comfortably ahead of any other Arab
country." King Abdullah's "most wide-reaching reform…has been…the accession of
the Kingdom to the World Trade Organization. In a trade context this has
involved the removal of various preferential tariffs, notably the discounts to
the U.S. oil majors who founded Aramco. More profoundly, it required the
passing—and enforcement—of forty-two new laws to impose international standards
of arbitration, fiscal transparency, legal process, and the protection of
intellectual property… As a result of these reforms, Saudi business efficiency
[has improved according to the World Bank]…" (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom:
Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia;
Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 272 and 302.)

18. Which is the only Muslim-majority state to forbid the building of churches?
-"Among the nearly 60 Muslim-majority states in the world, only one, Saudi
Arabia, forbids the building of churches." (Source here.)
-Saudi Arabia is also the only country where women cannot drive (and where men
can vote in municipal elections but women cannot). (Informed Comment)
-Observers are correct to discern hypocrisy whenever the US government attacks
Iran for being undemocratic and abusive towards its own citizens since "The
[Saudi] kingdom is run as an absolute monarchy. It does not allow freedom of
religion or of speech. It discriminates against religious minorities. It imposes
strict gender segregation… It represses political dissidents." However, such
repression is not due to Islam—since many Muslim countries have far better human
rights records—but due to the Saudi regime and Saudi culture. (Juan Cole;
Engaging The Muslim World; Palgrave Macmillan; New York: 2009; p. 95.)
-"[I]n Saudi Arabia the law actually enshrines the principle that the male knows
better than the female. A woman nay not enroll in university, open a bank
account, get a job, or travel outside the country without the written permission
of a mahram (guardian) who must be a male blood relative—her father,
grandfather, brother, husband, or, in the case of a widow or separated woman,
her adult son." "Since 9/11 women have the right to work in the private sector,
but like any other activity outside the home, they can do it only with the
written permission of their…male guardian." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom:
Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia;
Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 277 and
325.)
19. Who wrote the following about a conversation he had with Saudi King Faisal
at a state dinner?: "[The King informed me that] Jews and Communists were
working…together, to undermine the civilized world as we knew it. Oblivious to
my [Jewish] ancestry—or delicately putting me into a special category—Faisal
insisted that an end be put once and for all to the dual conspiracy of Jews and
Communists. The Middle East outpost of that plot was the State of Israel, put
there by Bolshevism for the principal purpose of dividing America from the
Arabs."
-Henry Kissinger: United States Secretary of State, 1973-1977. (Source here.)
-Robert Jordan, Bush's ambassador to Saudi Arabia, discovered the depth of
conspiracy thinking among Saudis when he arrived in Riyadh a few weeks after
9/11 to take up his post. "Many senior princes believed it was a Jewish plot.
Nayef (the interior minister) actually said it was a Zionist conspiracy in a
public statement. Even Abdullah was suspicious. They had latched onto this
report that three thousand Jewish employees had not gone into work that day. It
was an urban myth that has since been discredited, but at the time it was the
only way they could make sense of it. … To accept that [many Saudis were
involved with the 9/11 attacks]…was like accepting that your son was a serial
killer." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; p. 228.)
-The terror attacks inside Saudi Arabia during the early 2000s, "were the work
of Saudi jihadis who had been driven out of Afghanistan by the U.S.-UK invasion
in the months following 9/11. The demolition of their Afghan training camps
forced several hundred extremists back to the Kingdom, where they regrouped in
safe houses as 'Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,' taking orders via coded
phone messages from their leaders, who had gone into hiding in the tribal
territories along the Afghani border. Osama Bin Laden…ordered them to take the
battle to the Al-Saud on their home territory." "Prince Nayef may have blamed
9/11 on the Zionists, but now his Ministry of the Interior went for the
terrorists with ruthless efficiency." (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings,
Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking;
Toronto: 2009; pp. 245 and 248.)
-In contrast to how the U.S. has treated its prisoners, Saudi Arabia has
adopted a liberal and progressive rehab program. According to Prince Nayef, the
architect of the program, "Some people say that our rehab program is too
soft—that we should build a sort of Saudi Guantanamo to punish them. But that is
just what Al-Qaeda would like. … If we used the old, harsh ways, then they would
draw sympathy and the extremists would take advantage of that to try to get more
people involved in terrorism. … We are building a national consensus that
extremism is wrong. … [W]e have had…[many] young men surrender themselves
because their families brought them in. Whoever wins society will win this war."
(Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and
the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 255 and 257-8.)
20. True or False: A popular satirical TV comedy show, on the air in Saudi
Arabia for many years, pokes fun at the flaws of Saudi society by dealing with
sensitive topics such as terrorism, marital relations and religion.
-True. (Source here. )
-"[A] fatwa – a religious edict — was issued by senior sheikhs in the Kingdom
who said it was sinful for anyone to watch the show [Tash Ma Tash]. The sheikhs
said it made a mockery of sheikhs and insulted religious figures, failing to
accord them due prestige and importance. This particular fatwa followed an
episode about judges in Saudi courts—who are all sheikhs. According to the
episode, the sheikhs work only 2 or 3 hours a day, even though official working
hours are from 8 to 2. Unpleasant as it may be, it was the truth; many sheikhs
work far less than is required. Thousands of people requiring signatures or
coming with witnesses to courts all over the Kingdom depend on the judges'
presence in order to finish their business. … The fatwa was issued and the
message was clear: criticizing judges is a 'no-no.'" (Source here.)
-In its many years on the air, Tash Ma Tash has never once made fun of a greedy
prince or a pompous government minister. In 2006 it moved from the official
government channel to satellite TV in Dubai, and, in 2008, renamed itself…("We
Are All Village People"). (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics,
Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto:
2009; p. 324.)
21. What is the Shia population of the oil-rich Eastern Province of Saudi
Arabia?
-Approximately 915,000 (of a total population of the Eastern Province of
3,400,000).Shias have suffered discrimination and are disproportionately poor in
Saudi Arabia. Needless to say, Iran, especially following its Revolution, tried
to incite "its fellow Shias" against the ruling Saudi regime. However, Shia have
proved loyal to the Kingdom while radical Sunnis committed terror against the
regime. "[L]ike a lot of minorities in [Saudi Arabia, Shias recognize]…they
would get a better deal from the Saudi monarchy than they would from any
nonroyal government. … How could the Shia expect anything but oppression from
the Wahhabis?" (Robert Lacey; Inside The Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists,
Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia; Viking; Toronto: 2009; pp. 101
and 170.)
-Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil exporter, with one-quarter of the
world's proven oil reserves, mostly in the Eastern Province, home to the giant
government-owned oil corporation Saudi Aramco. Oil accounts for 75% of budget
earnings, approximately 45% of GDP and 90% of exports. Today, China and Japan
are its biggest customers. The kingdom also has huge reserves of natural gas.
The government is making efforts at diversifying the economy into power
generation, telecom, and petrochemical industries. (Nicholas Buchele; Culture
Smart Saudi Arabia; Random House; Canada: 2008; p. 49.)
Jeffrey Rudolph, a college professor, was the Quebec representative of the East
Timor Alert Network, and presented a paper on its behalf at the United Nations.
He has prepared widely-distributed quizzes on Israel-Palestine,Iran, Hamas,
and Terrorism which can be found, respectively, at:http://www.countercurrents.
org/rudolph180608.htm
; http://www.countercurrents. org/rudolph240410.htm
; http://www.countercurrents. org/rudolph250610.htm
; and, http://www.countercurrents. org/rudolph080810.htm
--

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